Gregorian Calender Essay Example for Free

Gregorian Calender Essay In everyday life, individuals function with a calendar. Calendars help organize daily events, special events, upcoming events, holidays, seasons, etc. Today in the United States the modern and common calendar that is used is known as the â€Å"Gregorian Calendar†. Previous to the Gregorian calendar, the â€Å"Julian Calendar† was used. Both calendars are similar in some ways as well as different in others, along with sharing some advantage and disadvantages to make one calendar more useful in today’s modern world. Gregorian Calendar The â€Å"Gregorian Calendar† is currently the most internationally accepted calendar, (TimeandDate, 2013). Other known names for the calendar can be known as â€Å"Western Calendar† and â€Å"Christian Calendar†. Pope Gregory XIII first introduced his findings of this new calendar in February of 1582, which the calendar was then named after him. The days of the calendar were put together strictly from a solar plan. The calendar has 365 days in the year that make up the 12 different months. Each of the 12 months is irregular in the number of days that each contain. Seven of the months hold 31 days, five of the other months have 30 days, and the month of February has the least amount of days being 28. Although the month of February composes of 28 days, every 4 years â€Å"Leap Year† occurs adding an extra day to the year making February have 29 days in the month. Every three months of the calendar the seasons change of the 20th day of the month. This calendar is the most constant and stable calendar at the moment. Julian Calendar Before the â€Å"Gregorian Calendar† was the â€Å"Julian Calendar† which also replaced the â€Å"Roman Calendar†. One of the reasons it has been known that the â€Å"Roman Calendar† was replaced was due to how complicated it was. Previous to the â€Å"Julian Calendar† the â€Å"Roman Calendar† was known to be complicated with how to figure when the seasons should begin and what days should be kept or added. To help fix the problem, Julius Caesar worked with an astronomer by the name of Sosigenes to put together a calendar based more on the Sun and Earth. This calendar became known as the â€Å"Julian Calendar† which is rather similar to the calendar that is accepted and used today. It has the commonly used 365 days of the year that are also divided into the 12 different months. Every four years, leap year occurred in one of the months just like it does in today’s calendar. Advantages and Disadvantages Between both calendars there are some advantages and disadvantages to how the calendars work. A disadvantage that others feel from the calendar is the days’ holidays may land on. Some holidays such as Christmas or Thanksgiving cannot be changed which can lead to them landing in the middle of the work week. Holidays falling on days like this can prevent individuals from making plans to be around loved ones due to work or school schedules. Another disadvantage is the irregular days of the month. Not every month has the same number of days and sometimes it can interfere with a budget or the cost of life. However, an advantage is the way the calendar is setup. Seasons are always every three months no matter what and the holidays never change. This type of stuff is always guaranteed and cannot be changed. Most Useful in Modern Society Both calendars are really close in similarity. In a way both calendars actually could be used in modern day society since individuals are so familiar with how both calendars work. However, since people are just more familiar with the term â€Å"Gregorian Calendar† and since this calendar is currently more up to date, the â€Å"Gregorian Calendar† would most likely be more useful in todays’ culture. Although there are many other types of calendars used in the world that can be compared to the â€Å"Gregorian Calendar†, this calendar has been found to be the most â€Å"internationally accepted civil calendar† of today, (TimeandDate, 2013).

The House of the Baskervilles Gothic Elements

The House of the Baskervilles Gothic Elements The setting in a novel is important because it helps to create a sense of atmosphere. The atmosphere in The Hound of the Baskervilles conforms to the conventions of a detective story which has to have a mysterious and scary feel in order to build up tension or suspense which intrigues and excites the reader. Creating an effective atmosphere within the three main settings in the novel, which include Baker Street, London, Baskerville Hall and the Moor, is necessary to make the story convincing, particularly as Conan Doyle introduces the supernatural element of the curse and the hound. In terms of timing, the novel is initially set in busy Victorian London, with its cars and crowds; however, this is juxtaposed with the moor, which as Watson observes seems wild, melancholy and far from modern life with horses and carts. Indeed he comments on, The melancholy of the moor and the death of an unfortunate pony; the genres within this particular novel are detective and gothic genres, which int eract to create an effective, haunting atmosphere, especially towards the climax of the novel. Time and place are therefore both relevant in the creation of setting and atmosphere. The setting of The Hound of the Baskervilles takes place in the nineteenth century when public hangings were often carried out, especially as Victorian people feared crime; this is one reason why Sherlock Holmes stories became so popular. As a logical, intelligent and intuitive character, Sherlock Holmes would have had great appeal to the audience because he solved many challenging and very cunning crimes. The character Holmes operates fully within the conventions of a detective setting, with the presence of a victim, a crime, a problem, suspect, plot and an alibi. However, at the same time the gothic element of the story is powerful. The Hound of the Baskervilles follows most of the conventions of the gothic genre which include mystery, depression, the supernatural, ancient prophesies, criminals, a damsel in distress and death. The gothic background, with which the Victorian audience would have familiar, is very important in creating a sense of a gloomy, daunting atmosphere. The hound as a supernatural element is used as a device to terrify the reader repeatedly throughout the novel, except of course at the end when the mystery is found to have a logical basis. For this reason I would suggest that the novel is more of a detective story because at the end the Baskerville myth can be easily explained in a scientific way. For example, the vicious hound can be explained by its diet of phosphorus as the detectives comment: Phosphorous, I said, There is no smell which might have interfered with his power of scent. The initial setting takes place in London where Sherlock Holmes and Watsons home is upper class and their lifestyle is sophisticated and glamorous; in the company of Sir Henry and Dr Mortimer, they enjoy a pleasant luncheon after which they retire to a private sitting room in a high quality hotel. This shows the reader that the two men are educated and they have a privileged lifestyle. As they mention the millions of this great city, this sets the scene for the reader that London is a very dense and highly populated area but also rather grand and a centre of civilisation. However, despite this sense of power and control in London, there is also a sense of chaos and an unsettling, unwelcome contrast when there is suddenly a threat, for example the second time Sir Henrys boot is stolen. This sense of threat increases when mysteriously they find one of the missing boots when the hotel room had been carefully inspected beforehand; Sir Henry exclaims; My missing boot! There was certainly no boots in it then. There is the impression that they are being followed, of which Holmes warn Sir Henry Baskerville, the setting in London is effective because it is the place where Holmes and Watson are most comfortable and where they are accustomed to conducting their business affairs; for example: Holmes sat in silence as we drove back to Baker Street, and I knew from his dawn brows and keen face that his mind, like my own, was busy endeavouring to frame some scheme into which all these strange and apparently disconnected episodes could be fitted. The setting in Baker Street is important to create a sense of normality in spite of the mysterious happenings. However, once in the wilderness of the moors, Watson finds that it is more difficult to rationalise and the setting intensifies ones missings. Here we can see that while solving crimes, Sherlock Holmes stays up all night to solve a mystery. We also learn that the relationship between Holmes and Watson is close because they know each others habits. In addition, we also learn that Sherlock Holmes is more independent than Watson. Likewise, in the novel we can interpret that the character, Sherlock Holmes, is intelligent and witty person because he successfully makes predictions: I think, said I, following so far as I could the methods of my companion, that Dr. Mortimer is a successful elderly medical man. This shows the reader that Sherlock Holmes, as an intelligent person and a successful detective in his careerism, is a person whom Watson endeavours to model himself on. We see a comparison between Sherlock Holmes and Watson intelligence because Watson himself makes a good assumption about the thick iron ferulle they indentify: Really, Watson, you excel yourself, said Holmes pushing back his chair and lighting a cigarette. I am bound to say that in all accounts in which you have been so good as to give my own small achievements you have habitually underrated your own abilities. It must be that you are a conductor of light. Some people without possessing genius have a remarkable power of stimulating it. This shows the reader that Holmes is praising Watson because he has made a good hypothesis but later it proves incorrect. This feeling is encapsulated by Holmes quotation, I shall be very glad to have you back safe and sound in Baker Street once more. Thus the Baker Street setting provides the character and the reader a sense of safety which is lost in the moors. On the contrary, Watson then understands that Sherlock Holmess assumption is correct and that his assumption was erroneous: I am afraid, my dear Watson, that most of your conclusions was erroneous. When I said that you stimulated me I meant, to be frank, that in noting your fallacies I was occasionally guided towards the truth. This implies that Watsonss conclusions were wrong and if he had listened to his companion, then he would be guided to the truth. Indeed the moor is described as having a: Grey melancholy hill, with a strange jagged summit, dim and vague in the distance, like some fantastic landscape in a dream. This quotation demonstrates that the setting is very dismal and the use of words melancholy emphasizes the mood of menace, providing a suitable backdrop for a murder novel. The time of year increases the sense of hope passing as: Yellow leaves carpeted the lanes and fluttered. In this description the fluttered leaves pave the way for unpleasantness in Baskerville Hall and could foreshadow the end of the year, and perhaps metaphorically speaking, the end of Sir Henry Baskervilles life given the curse on his family. Watson refers to the grim suggestiveness of the barren waste, the chilling wind and the darkling sky. This sets the scene for something dangerous about to happen and the use of pathetic fallacy prepares the reader for death or a strike of supernatural. Although, the area around the Baskerville Hall is described negatively and the reader will have a grim impression of the area itself: Over the green squares of the fields and the low curve of a wood there rose in the distance a grey, melancholy hill, with a strange jagged summit, dim and vague in the distance, like some fantastic landscape in a dream The use of words, grey and melancholy, creates an effect of the bitter, depressing and sad atmosphere around the Baskerville Hall, leading to a conflict between the human and natural forces. In addition, the use of juxtaposition is effective because, the green squares of the fields sounds pleasant but the view detenorates with the jagged summit, is described as, melancholy, grey and vague. There is therefore a sharp contrast between the settings the moor and London which portrays as being very civilised and pleasant. Conan Doyle portrays Dartmoor as cold and uninviting by contrasting it with the green fields: The beautiful green fields with thick hedges were behind us, and were now on the cold, open moor. This quotation shows the reader that the Dartmoor is a dangerous and mysterious area and the atmosphere in the area is progressively tense and quite dramatic. In addition the moor is described again in a sinister way; this adds to the negative effect: Everything was grey, hard and wild. Huge rough stones stood on the hard ground. The tops of the hill stood sharply like cruel teeth against the sky. This demonstrates that the moor has a very tense atmosphere and the use of similes, the hilltops appearing sharply like cruel teeth, empathises the vicious and evil side of the moor; it also suggests that perhaps, Sir Henry may die due to the hounds vicious teeth. Similarly, the author describes the noises associated with the moor in great detail to create a sense of tension: A long, low moan, indescribably sad, swept over the moor. It filled the whole air, and yet it was impossible to say whence it came. From a dull murmur it swelled into a deep roar, and then sank back into a melancholy, throbbing murmur once again. This shows the reader that the atmosphere around Baskerville Hall is grim and tense; the effect of this is to provide a build up in which murder will take place and make the reader feel scared and intrigued. Sir Henry, the heir to Baskerville Hall, tries to be positive about his inherited property and lights it up: Ill have a row of electric lamps up here inside of six months, and you wont know it again, with a thousand candlepower Swan and Edison right here in front of the hall door, Nonetheless, the sinister setting tends to prevail. However, for once, the hall is portrayed positively rather than being sad and dark. Baskerville Hall is usually described in an oppressive light: A dull light shone through the heavy windows. Black smoke was coming from one of the high chimneys of the main buildings. Arthur Conan Doyle uses the words heavy and black to give the reader an impression that the hall is a place where light or goodness is trapped. When the heir to the Baskerville arrives in Baskerville Hall, he is described as being very eager: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Baskerville gave an exclamation of delight, looking eagerly about him and asking countless questions. This use of words delight and eagerly shows the reader that the Sir Henry Baskerville is very enthusiastic to enter Baskerville Hall but it proves to be miserable dwelling. The description of the hall itself is described as mute and sinister since Conan Doyle displays a vicious use of imagery: a dull light shone through heavy mullioned windows The use of the word, mullioned evokes that the light is being imposed by the dullness of the windows. The author Conan Doyle uses a red herring to enhance the gothic tension, an example of this is the butler Barrymore who is described as having a, square black beard and pale distinguished, this refers to the mysterious follower which follows Sir Henry Baskerville. This alerts the reader and the effect of this is that the two detectives Holmes and Watson might in a danger and also the amount of safetyness in the moor is limited and requires courage and braveness to fight against them. When the hound strikes at the Baskerville Hall for the first time, the description of the hound is striking: The huge, black, burning hound ran quickly and silently after Sir Henry. The representation of the hound is very effective in the quotation as the moor itself is surrounded by wilderness; there is conflict between nature and humans, even the trees that are planted by humans are stunted. The idea demonstrates to the reader that nature and humans never work together. The dwellings of the moor are similarly described pessimistic and negative by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as it says: A bleak Morse land house. The use of the words, bleak emphasizes the desolate and isolation within the moor however, it shows that the moor has few habitants. In conclusion, I believe that the main intention of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle when he wrote the story was to involve the readers of the modern world in a potentially supernatural mystery. It appears to me that he was quite successful in creating a believable story; I almost believed that the hounds were supernatural. I think the idea of serialization in the Victorian times would have been a good idea because it would have helped to add tension. I think the author was successful in creating his story because his character, Sherlock Holmes, was a famous and popular character and still popular in modern times. Even though Sherlock was a fictional character, many Victorians and readers today would find a famous, intuitive character like Sherlock Holmes engrossing.

Impacts of Dehydration on the Body

Impacts of Dehydration on the Body Helen McHugh Why is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance a danger? Dehydration is described as ‘an excessive loss of water from body tissues’ (Mosby Elsevier, 2009) and it also affects an imbalance of electrolytes in the body. It can be very dangerous and even fatal as most of the physiological systems in the body are dependent on water levels and the changes in concentrations of the electrolytes will disturb almost every vital function of the body. (Martini Nath, 2009) How have the functions of the skin been impaired? The body’s first line of defence has been breached, allowing pathogens and bacteria to penetrate the body as well as impairing its ability to regulate temperature, synthesis Vitamin D and loss of some senses i.e. touch, pressure. How will the body try and repair the areas that have been burnt? This will happen in three stages, Inflammation, Reconstruction and Maturation. Inflammation – this stage takes approximately 3 days and happens immediately the wound occurs. The inflammation causes an increased blood flow to surrounding tissues which produces erythema, swelling, heat and discomfort. As a defence response, different types of white blood cells called polymorphonuclear leucocytes arrive at the wound and are involved in the immune response to fight infection. Reconstruction This stage can take from between 2 – 24 days and is a time of cleaning and temporary replacement of tissue. Polymorphs kill the bacteria and phagocytic macrophages digest the dead bacteria and clean the wound. Epidermal cells start to activate, new blood capillaries are developed and granulation tissue is laid down. Epithelial cells move over the granulation from the edges of the wound. When the wound is covered the epithelium thickens to 4-5 layers, forming the epidermis. The wound would then start to contract reducing in size. Maturation – This stage can take between 24 days to 1 year. This is the remodeling stage where collagen cells are reorganized and strengthened. The wound is still at risk during this stage and protection is necessary. (Koutoukidis, et al., 2013) What could impede the body from successfully achieving this? Think of internal and external factors when you answer this. Intrinsic- (Internal) Health Status – Illnesses/Conditions/Diseases can affect healing, i.e. anaemia, immune disorders, cancer, diabetes. Age – Older people take longer to heal due to slower metabolism, thinner skin and less elasticity of skin. Bodybuild – Both Obese and Thin people can have various issues related to healing Lifestyle factors – Smoking, Alcohol can have contraindications to healing Nutritional status Extrinsic (External) Mechanical stress Debris – scabs, necrotic tissue, and excess slough can all impair epithelial migration and supply of nutrient. Also prolongs inflammatory stage. Temperature – Extremes can cause tissue damage Desiccation or maceration – Both dryness and excess moisture can slow healing Infection – Bacteria slows wound healing Chemical stress (Lumsden, 2014) Mary undergoes debridement of the burns. What does this mean? Debridement is the first step in cleansing. It is to remove dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue and cellular debris from wound/burn which promotes healing and helps prevent infection. (Mosby Elsevier, 2009) The burns were subsequently grafted with a split skin graft. What layers of the skin are used for this graft? A split thickness skin graft is a tissue transplant using both the epidermis and part of the dermis layer. (Mosby Elsevier, 2009) 3.1 Admission Form Acute Pain Observation Chart Observation chart Fluid Balance Chart Medication Chart Neurovascular Chart Intravenous Drug Chart Care Plan Progress Notes 4.2 Define Hypertension and Arteriosclerosis Hypertension – Elevated blood pressure consistently over 140/90 Arteriosclerosis A thickening/ calcification of arterial walls and loss of elasticity in arterial walls. The result of this is reduced blood supply. (Mosby Elsevier, 2009) How are they often related? High blood pressure (hypertension) can cause a build up of the muscular and elastic tissues of the arterial walls – hypertensive arteriosclerosis (Mosby Elsevier, 2009) Why is hypertension called the ‘Silent killer’ Hypertension is called the silent killer because it can often be asymptomatic, i.e. no symptoms are apparent. There is no single cause but there are possible risk factors. (Mosby Elsevier, 2009) Name three changes in your lifestyle that may help prevent cardiovascular disease in old age. Do not smoke, Eat healthy and exercise more. Undesirable clot formation can occur as a result of endothelial damage due to arteriosclerosis. How does the body form undesirable clots within intact blood vessels? If the endothelium of a blood vessel is rough it can encourage clinging of platelets which can be a risk factor for blood clotting (Thrombus) The legs are particularly prone to the formation of blood clots and can be caused by blood pooling in the legs or slowly flowing blood especially in immobilized patients. (Marieb, 2003) 5.2 At handover you are told a patient is cyanotic. What would you expect to observe? Define tissue hypoxia. Three conditions where this could occur. Cyanosis presents as a bluish discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by not enough oxygen in the blood and excess of deoxygenated blood. I would expect to see a bluish colour on the skin of the patient, possibly on lips, nailbeds, tip of the nose, external ear and underside of the tongue. Three conditions where this could occur are Asthma Emphysema Heart failure 5.3 Describe the difference between tracheostomy and endotracheal intubation. An endotracheal intubation is a flexible cuffed tube inserted via the mouth or nostril through the larynx into the trachea, whereas a tracheostomy is a surgical creation of an external opening into the trachea. (Koutoukidis, et al., 2013) 5.4 Why will a patient who is anaemic complain of shortness of breath? Being anaemic means that you do not have enough red blood cells in your body. The red bolos cells carry oxygen around the body and remove carbon dioxide. Fewer less red blood cells equals less oxygen which equals shortness of breath. (Koutoukidis, et al., 2013) 5.5. What type of allergic reaction is suspected? Anaphylaxis is suspected. This condition may be fatal. Why has this caused problems with his breathing? The upper respiratory tract is often involved with nasal congestion or sneezing and tightness in the throat may occur with significant airway obstruction. The patient can have bronchospasm or upper airway swelling (S Shahzad Mustafa, 2013) 6.1 Sever appendicitis, what would be result if left untreated? The appendix can perforate spilling the contents into the abdominal cavity causing peritonitis. (Koutoukidis, et al., 2013) 6.2 Why does a lack of fibre in the diet encourage the formation of diverticula? Faeces usually move along the large bowel with gentle peristalsis; however when there is insufficient fibre in the diet the faeces may become dry and is more difficult to move along with peristalsis. The intestinal muscles then have to perform strong contractions and generate high pressure. This high pressure may cause bulging pouches in the intestinal mucosa and these are called diverticula. (Murtagh, 1995) 6.3 Explain why obstruction in the common bile duct causes interference with the digestion of some foods? An Obstruction would prevent bile from entering the small intestine. The bile is needed to aid digestion and is needed to breakdown large fat globules into small ones. When the food is not digesting properly bile can back up into the gallbladder. It then becomes concentrated by removal of water and the cholesterol it contains may crystallize and form gallstones. Blockage of the common bile duct can also stop bile entering the small intestine and backing up into the liver and bile salts and bile pigments will begin to enter the bloodstream and as this circulates through the body the tissues will become yellow or jaundiced. (Marieb, 2003) 6.4 What nursing observations of their skin, faeces and urine would support the diagnosis of an obstructed bile duct? Where would these observations be recorded? Bilirubin levels will increase in the blood and this can cause yellow, jaundiced skin, dark urine and pale coloured faeces. Itching of the skin may also occur. Recorded in progress notes, fluid balance and bowel chart and observation chart, care plan and urinalysis. (Marieb, 2003) 8.2 Adrenaline affects the sympathetic nervous system. Explain the effect on blood pressure, heart beat, breathing and the liver. Blood Vessels – Constricts blood vessels In viscera and skin, increases blood pressure Heart – Increases rate and force Liver – Causes glucose to be released to blood. All of these effects are part of the fight or flight response. The body alters its normal state to one of optimum performance in order for us to take flight (run faster) the heart beat starts to pound, our breathing gets deeper, driving oxygen around the body and glucose is released into the blood stream to give us energy. (Marieb, 2003) 9.1 Explain why someone who is haemorrhaging, i.e. has falling systemic blood pressure/volume will have a decreased urine output. When there is significant blood loss the blood pressure falls and the blood pressure in the renal artery will also fall. The body tries to raise the blood pressure by preventing further water and electrolyte loss. To do this the kidney secretes the hormone ‘renin’ which stimulates other hormones to cause vasoconstriction (Marieb, 2003) References: Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K. Hughson, J., 2013. Tabbners nursing Care Theory and Practice. 6th ed. NSW: Elsevier. Lumsden, S., 2014. Wound Management Class Notes. Adelaide: s.n. Marieb, E., 2003. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. 7th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education Ltd. Martini, F. Nath, J. L., 2009. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. 8th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc. Mosby Elsevier, 2009. Mosbys Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions. 8th ed. s.l.:Mosby. Murtagh, J., 1995. Diverticular Disease. [Online] Available at: http://www.nevdgp.org.au/info/murtagh/general/Diverticulardisease.htm [Accessed 25th February 2014]. S Shahzad Mustafa, M., 2013. Anaphylaxis Clinical Presentation. [Online] Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135065-clinical [Accessed 25th February 2014]. 1

Disjunction versus Communion in Raymond Carvers Short Stories Essay

Disjunction versus Communion in Raymond Carver's Short Stories Raymond Carver, poet, essayist, and short story writer, was very different from some other writers in that he clipped his writing until only the essential remained. " Carver not only acknowledged the effect that fiction could have on readers, he proclaimed that it should affect readers."( Bonetti 58) Thus, when Carver writes about intimate relationships, the reader perceives the stories as more than entertainment or skillful language; the reader relates to the characters' situations and applies the knowledge to their own lives. It is within this realm of character affirmation that Carver draws a much more elaborate, and meaningful detail in his short stories. I propose that Carver's characters either connect or fail to connect on an intimate, spiritual level. It is this difference in his short stories which either draw the reader into or away from the meaning. These relations make certain writings in Carver's stories more interesting. More directly, it is the communion in his later writings, and the disjunction in his earlier writings, that distinguish the two types of styles. Communion within the characters of Carver's later writings, as in his collections in Cathedral, create much more depth and interest in his stories. It is within this scope of communion that Carver's stories seem to become more fulfilling with character affirmation. Communion occurs in Carver's stories when several conditions are satisfied. The difference in the two criteria; communion and disjunction, is simply defined. "Communion, n 1. A sharing of thoughts or feelings 2. a A religious or spiritual fellowship." (Websters, 141) It is a connection between characters which allows them to transcend the ordinary and redefine themselves. A moment in which words, actions, and objects take on exaggerated significance . Carver uses this bond between characters in his later writings more directly, such as in his anthology Cathedral. You must first initialize an intimate interaction between two or more characters who can communicate--- either verbally or physically. If an individual is still projecting his/her personality onto another, that individual has not experienced the loss of self- awareness which is necessary for communion. Another important element for this experience is touch. The charac... ...ders and move them to action in their own lives. Works Cited Bonetti, Kay. " Ray Carver: Keeping." Conversations with Raymond Carver. Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L. Stull, eds. Jackson, Mississippi :University Press of Mississippi, 1990. 53-61. Carver, Raymond. Cathedral. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. ---. No Heroics Please. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. ---. What We Talk About When We Talk About Love. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Davis, Alan. " The Holiness of Ordinary. " Hudson Review. Vol.45 Winter 1993: 653-658 Gardner, John. On Moral Fiction. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1978. Halpert, Sam. " Interviews" †¦when we talk about Raymond Carver. Peregrine Smith, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publishing, 1991. 51-84 Sexton, David. " David Sexton talks to Raymond Carver." Conversations With Raymond Carver. Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L.Stull, eds. Jackson, Mississippi: University of Mississippi, 1990. 120-132. Stull, William L. " Matters of Life and Death. " Conversations with Raymond Carver. Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L. Stull eds. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1990. 177-191.

The Fool in William Shakespeares As You Like It Essay -- William Shak

The Fool in William Shakespeare's As You Like It The fool is one of the first character archetypes that any student of literature learns how to analyze. Despite his seemingly light or even pointless chatter, the fool usually manages to say some fairly important things. Upon further study, the student may perceive that it is because of his penchant for silliness that the fool is given leave to express even offensive truths about the other characters. What happens, though, when one fool encounters another? Fools are not used to being subject to one another’s wit; this experience of being held up to a sort of mirror is generally reserved for the characters who must undergo some change to further the plot. Touchstone and Jaques manage to break that rule, and merely by coexisting seem to compete. Both live up to some part of our expectation of the fool, but neither manages to fill the role entirely. Which one comes closer is a matter worthy of some debate. In her book The Fool: His Social and Literary History, Enid Welsford devotes a chapter to â€Å"The Court-Fool in Elizabethan Drama† and briefly discusses As You Like It specifically. She at one point describes fools as being â€Å"†¦partly within and partly outside the action of the drama.† (244). This idea is applicable to Touchstone and Jaques, but in a slightly different way than she intended it. She was describing characters placed by circumstance in that liminal state--characters with no desire to move to either side of their middle ground. Also, she describes the differences between Touchstone and Jaques, both in appearance and attitude. Most importantly, she mentions that Touchstone â€Å"†¦exposes affectation; but he is capable of†¦criticism, and his judgments are r... ... encroaching on his territory. Jaques is a sort-of fool in a sort-of court, but Touchstone’s presence brings in a glimmer of the rest of the world—a real fool from a real court—that shatters Jaques before he ever has a chance to throw a single stone at Touchstone. Jaques’ attempts to find a place for himself, then, simply read as a strange, lost man making faces in a glass. There is no way that Jaques can surpass Touchstone’s inherent liminality—where Touchstone slips seamlessly from one world to the next, in and out of the action, Jaques just hops jerkily back and forth like someone walking on hot coals. He never lands in any one place long enough to really establish himself. It is for this reason that Touchstone fills every facet of the fool’s role more ably than Jaques, up until the bitter end when Jaques takes the traditional fool’s ending and stands alone.

Erickson’s Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson describes psychosocial development as occurring in stages. He describes the different stages according to personality traits shown at the various stages. I have Interviewed and made my observations of persons at the different stages as follows: Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust vs†¦ Mistrust A one year old baby was observed during a session of breastfeeding. The baby is hungry and it is time for the mother to breastfeed him.She picks up her son and holds him gently on her lap telling him she is going to give him some milk and etches him on to her breast. The baby immediately calms down and sucks for a few minutes. While the baby Is drinking, the mother looks at her son lovingly and the child fluctuates his attention from the mother to what his happening around him. The above behaviors show the affection and loving relationship between the baby and the mother who Is very patient and gentle towards her son. This renders breastfeeding to be a wonderful experience to both mother and child. According to Erikson, the first stage of trust vs†¦Mistrust is shown in the above observations the baby fully trusts his mother who is caring for him with a lot of love, patience and predictability. This is shown in the fact that he calms down and is comfortable to look around him while he is feeding during the session. Early childhood (2 to areas) Autonomy vs†¦ Shame and Doubt A boy of two and a half years who Is still undergoing toilet training has been observed. The mother asks her son every two hours If he needs to go potty. The child is still inconsistent in his response but sometimes out of his own free will go to the potty and points to it.The mother pulls down the child's pants and gently asks him to it down on the potty. She tells him that he is now growing into a big boy and that she will be very happy if he uses the potty. The boy sits down for a minute on the potty whilst his mother brings his blocks to play with h im while he is sitting down on the potty. After a while the boy gets bored, stands up, runs into the kitchen and picks up a packet of biscuits. The mother explains to her son that as soon as he urinates in the potty she will give him a biscuit.The child insists on eating the biscuits immediately and does not cooperate. The mother looks frustrated since she has been ring to potty train her son for the past few months without success. According to this stage of Erikson, the toddler becomes more mobile and assertive on his Independence. I think that this has been shown In the above observation. The toddler seems to try to please his mother initially by sitting down on the potty. Which he likes at the moment. When his mother refuses to give him a biscuit he protests and wants to have his own way.On the other hand the mother seems to be at a loss on what to do next since she thinks that her son needs to be toilet trained in order to be accepted at his new school. The toddler does not see m certain of what he has to do yet. He still seems to be unprepared to be potty trained though he is showing first signs. He is showing he is bored and insecure when trying to use the potty. That is probably the reason why he went to fetch the biscuit so he will do something he likes instead of something which makes him feel less confident. The mother needs to be more patient and give more encouragement to her son regarding this issue.Introducing stories of other toddlers/cartoon characters being potty trained, and maybe singing some songs might help her son be more motivated, calm ND patient in his training. Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs†¦ Guilt A four year old girl was observed at play in a children's playground whilst her mother looked on. Initially the girl clutches her mother and does not want to go to play with the other children whom she doesn't know. The mother takes her daughter's hand and walks around the playground slowly with her daughter showing her the va rious activities and what fun it is to play with the other children.After sometime the little girl sees a little see-saw in the form of a bright colored snake. She moves towards it ND climbs onto it and starts playing. After sometime she climbs down and runs towards the slide. She climbed up the slide behind the other children and took turns for about ten minutes on the slide enjoying the activity and sometimes looking at her mother for approval. After some time she moves on towards the other activities and starts playing with the other children feeling happy and secure. The mother looks happy that her daughter is mixing with the other children and is enjoying herself.From time to time she encourages and praises her. When the child is told that it is mime to go back home, she does not want to obey and throws a tantrum. The mother starts shouting at the child, the child continues to cry and lies on the ground. The girl seems to be insecure and shy when we arrive at the playground but then seems to gain confidence and starts playing with the other children. She enjoys the activities but still looks at her mother for approval. According to Erikson during this stage children need to find a healthy balance between initiative and guilt.This girl seems to be going through this stage by not wanting to leave her mother on her own and by aging the initiative and going around the playground to have fun and play with the other kids. When it comes to leaving the playground the girl does not accept the fact that she has to go back home and tries to assert herself by throwing the tantrum in order to have her way. In my opinion, the mother should have prepared the girl better and warned her that they only have a few minutes left before going home. Industry vs†¦ Inferiority I interviewed a nine year old boy for this stage.The boy seems to be doing very well at school. He told me that he is one of the best boys in class especially in mathematics. He likes reading and doing his homework. In fact he asks his mother to buy him some workbooks to have work to do during the summer holidays. When asked if there is something he wants to improve on, he mentions that he would like to be better in football and art. He also mentions that he worries that he has not done his work perfectly as his teacher would like him to. He seems to like to please his teachers and be considered to be the ideal student.He also says that he enjoys going to school to play with his friends during break time. Although this boy seems to be doing very well academically, he still seems to feel mom insecurity when it comes to pleasing his superiors. The boy seems to be competent and satisfied with his achievements. He likes learning new things and skills. According to Erikson the child's peer group becomes more important and significant in the child's life at this stage in fact this boy emphasizes the importance of having friends at school and at the football he attends.Adolescence (12 t o 18 years) Identity vs†¦ Role confusion For this stage I have observed and interviewed a 17 year old girl. When asked who she feels she is, she says that she is happy about herself, feels that she is full of Lana and energy and she has a very promising future in front of her. She says she would like to become a teacher and later on have her own family. In my observations she seems to be confident and very sociable with different people. This adolescent seems to be secure and happy as she has the support of her family and friends.She is motivated to continue studying in order to reach her goal of becoming a teacher as well as to make her parents proud of her achievements. She feels self confident as a result of the support she receives from those around her. According to Erikson, urine this stage, children become more independent and begin to look at the future. In fact this is shown by this adolescent during the interview when she talked with enthusiasm about her future plans in terms of career, relationships and families. Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy vs†¦Isolation she is happily married and has two young children though she is kept very busy and hardly has time for herself, she feels very happy and satisfied with her life. She has also been qualified in a profession and she loves her work from which she has taken some time off for the moment to look after her young family. Besides her family, she has also kept contact with some friends and sometimes they call each other to meet. According to Erikson, this stage involves forming relationships and long term commitments with persons who are not family members.This woman seems to have acquired this stage in that she has established her professional career and settled down in her own family with her husband and children. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generatively vs†¦ Stagnation For this stage, I interviewed and observed a 46 year old woman. This woman has a family made up of a hus band and three children. She also has professional lubrications. In the past few years she has changed her career so she would be able to spend more time with her family.She said she feels useful and accomplished in both her family life as well as at work. According to Erikson during middle adulthood we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, and have our own families we also give back to society through raising our children and being productive at work. It seems that this woman has moved on in this regard. Maturity (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs†¦ Despair For this stage I have observed and interviewed a 77 year old man. During the interview, this man seems to enjoy narrating his past experiences and how life was in the past.

Recruitment process and Cycle

People's Leasing and Finance PLY was founded in 1995, in the past 14 ears the company has built an extraordinary tradition of excellence in all spheres of leasing. The Company's customers range from individuals to Seems to blue chip companies of the country. Marketing Executive Selection and Recruitment Process Steps in the Selection Process Review of applications Preliminary interview The purpose of this interview is to analyze the applicants. Selection test A selection test is usually used to assess an applicant's qualifications and potential Subsequent interview The final interview is done at the 2nd of the final interview.Medical examination and Personal reference check Before the job offer is made, the candidate is required to undergo a physical fitness test. The selection decision The final decision has to be made from the pool of individuals who pass the tests, interviews and references checks. Calling Applications Calling for applications by publishing vacancies on newspapers and Ply's website. In the advertisement job description, qualifications required, closing date and etc. Are clearly mentioned.Applicant is given the option to send the C.V. by post or via an email. When a vacancy arises the applications accumulated in their database those left by the candidates who have applied online by visiting the company website also considered. After the closing date of applications, those applications are being reviewed and sorted by the HER personnel who handle it. Examination Shortlist candidates are being called for an examination. IQ knowledge and English language proficiency of the candidates are tested at the examination.Candidates those who scored above the pass mark mentioned in their policy are being called for the second stage of the recruitment process. Interview Second stage of the process is an interview. This preliminary interview is conducted by the head Of the department (ROD) for which the candidate is going to be assigned I. E. Marketing Dep artment according to this study along with the head of HER Department. Candidates those who get shortlist from preliminary interview are called for the second or final interview.Panel of the final interview consists of CEO of the company, Head of Marketing and Head Recruitment Anal interview board decides whom they are going to recruit. Before informing the candidate accuracy of the information provided by him is verified by calling the references supplied by him. After gaining additional insights the candidate is being informed over the phone and sends a letter stating the date that he should join and the documents he needs to furnish before the date of appointment in order for the company to process the letter of appointment.Candidates those who are employed given a one month notice period to resign from current employment. The candidate needs to provide a police report and the CRIB report as soon as possible. Normally within one week from informing the result of the final intervi ew. After receiving those two documents HER department process the letter of appointment and get it signed from the CEO and informs the candidate to sign the letter after reading all the terms and conditions on a date prior to his appointment date.On the date of appointment the candidate needs to bring copies of all educational, professional, and sports certificates along with the originals for HER personnel to attest and attach those copies in the personnel file of the employee. Training Cycle Two weeks induction program is conducted to give an overall understanding for the new employee about the company, its operations and its culture. Processes of all the departments of the company are explained irrespective of the department for which the new employee being recruited.The person who has been recruited as a marketing executive is aware of other functions of the company which is more helpful in performing day to day activities and moving with other employees of the company. After t he induction program HER department schedules department vise in-house training programs once in every six months' time. 1 . Training Need Analysis The nature of the training programmer is decided by the Head of Marketing Department and top management by analyzing the current trends of the industry and considering the areas which they have identified as need to be improved by observing the day to day operations. . Plan and Design Training Programmer After identifying the training needs, the objectives are set on which the trainer can design the content of the programmer. Participants of the training session are decided by the HOOD. The practice of the company is to conduct training programs for employees of same grade which is more convenient since all the participants are with similar levels of knowledge. Therefore, the trainer can decide the content and the effort he has to put to achieve the set objectives.The decision whether to use an internal trainer or an external trainer is decided by the HOOD by considering the comprehensiveness of the training that they have planned to conduct. Marketing department head and the HER department head decide the resource person who is going to conduct the training session. Employees who are going to participate for the training are being informed by the HER department by sending emails. Venue, seating arrangements, and food and beverages are arranged by the HER Department.Methods of Training structure method, on the job training and role plays are the most popular methods used in training programmer conducted for Marketing Executives. Lecture method is used to keep the participants informed about the current trends and practices of the industry, the role they play as a marketing executive and what is expected from them by the company and the customer. As a part of on the job training the marketing executives learn the process needs to be followed to get a facility file of a customer approved and the documents need to be furnished for the purpose.Role plays are being used n training sessions to teach the participants how to deal with different customers who respond differently in a given scenario, which is very important for a marketing executive who deals directly with the customer. 3. Conduct the Training Programmer Head of marketing department and the HER staff who coordinate the training session take measures to conduct the training programmer according to the schedule without any deviation and disturbances. Once a year an outside training is being conducted for marketing executives. For the training session a professional of the industry is selected as the resource person. Training Evaluation On the final day of the training session feedback is obtained from the participants by providing a questionnaire with multiple choice and open ended questions. In that the participants are given the opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program and the resource person and provide the su ggestions for improvement. Feedbacks obtained are being analyzed after each and every training session and incorporated the constructive suggestions in new training programmer. Suggestions for Improvement In the recruitment process of PLY there is no requirement for the candidate o undergo a medical test.